Educating Students With Autism English Language Essay

Instructing Students With Autism English Language Essay Numerous individuals with ASC (mental imbalance range conditions) have multifaceted design in recognizing feelings in themselves and others. For little youngsters figuring out how to talk, experiencing chemical imbalance present a unique issue to their educators just as guardians as they are confronted with the test of showing these terrible kids how to communicate through discourse. The significance of viable correspondence can't be thought little of. However instructing understudies with chemical imbalance isn't a simple errand, it requires persistence and utilization of uncommon assistive innovation devices to enable these kids to figure out how to frame words and use them viably. There are different advances that can be utilized, while other are basic a portion of these innovation are so best in class and needs additional preparation to utilize them. One of the fundamental innovations that has been utilized for various years is Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS ) conte mplates have shown that this innovation improves correspondence of youngsters with chemical imbalance This paper expects to talk about on the utilization of this assistive innovation to teach understudies with Autism. Presentation Individuals with mental imbalance range conditions have hindrances in open correspondence; remembered for this center impedance is an unpredictability with the social passionate correspondence notwithstanding nonverbal correspondence, for example, signals, outward appearance and eye to eye connection. Consistently, individuals with mental imbalance range conditions experience issues distinguishing feelings especially complex feelings that call for metalizing (envious, humiliated, snide) in both themselves and others. These entanglements can add to difficulties in keeping and making companionships and other empowering peer connections. WHAT IS ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY? Assistive innovation apparatus implies any bit of gear, thing, or item framework, regardless of whether obtained monetarily, changed, off-the-rack, or modified, that is utilized to look after, increment, or improve useful capacities of individuals with inabilities. Assistive innovation administration straightforwardly helps individuals with an inability in the securing, determination, or utilization of an assistive innovation. The Use of Assistive Technology to Educate Students with Autism The hypothesis of brain is one conceptualization used to clarify the social impedance in mental imbalance range conditions (Golan and Bauminger, 2006). The hypothesis expresses that individuals with mental imbalance range conditions have an inborn incapacity regarding perceiving the mental point of view of others. That is, they have issue attributing feeling, which means, and purpose to others. Deficiencies in this part are not kidding to compelling social connection, as it were, it is foreseen on comprehending what others are feeling or thinking. Becoming more acquainted with feelings is one part of the capacity to take another people point of view. Various examinations have explored on the intercessions to teach people with chemical imbalance range conditions to distinguish feelings. These involve social expertise guidance (Golan and Bauminger, 2006) and assistive innovation intercessions. For example, Bauminger (2006) inspected the utilization of a conduct based intercession to aid the feeling acknowledgment abilities of 15 high reacting kids with chemical imbalance, ages 8 to 17. The mediation included exercises from a social aptitude schedule utilized in the school setting for 2 to 4 hours of the week for 7 months. The exercises included exercises, for example, pretend and just plays with a typically creating companion and chipping away at the aptitudes procured from every week by week exercise with guardians at home. The final products demonstrated progression in the children enthusiastic capacity and information to give instances of troublesome feelings. Uniquely, at post mediation, the partakers with mental imbalance were probably going to begin social correspondence with their companions and invested a great deal of energy showing empowering social practices. In another investigation, Hadwin, Baron-Cohen, Howlin, and Hill (1996) encouraged youngsters with mental imbalance range conditions to predict and recognize feelings in others utilizing a PC based mediation called the Emotions Trainer. Partakers between the ages of 12 and 20, consolidated in either a benchmark group or a test, were determined to have either Asperger condition or mental imbalance. The program involved five segments that consolidated requesting that the client select the right feeling out of four choices clarifying captured outward appearances, occasions or circumstances, and distinct inscriptions and articles. Differentiated to the benchmark group, the exploratory gathering indicated improvement in their capacity to perceive feelings in story and cartooned conditions that set off an enthusiastic reaction, yet not in their acknowledgment of feeling in pictures (outward appearances), on which both mediation and control bunches exhibited improvement. The accompanying seg ment will analyze Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) as one of the key assistive innovation used to help understudies with mental imbalance. Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) This is a low innovation assistive framework made as an augmentative and elective correspondence (AAC), where pictures are utilized instead of words to help kids with chemical imbalance to convey due to their issues in discourse advancement. At the underlying phase of utilizing PECS, a kid is furnished with various pictures of most loved toys or nourishments. On the off chance that the kid requires any of these things, he essentially gives the image of the particular thing to a specialist, instructor or even parental figure (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). The individual getting this image consequently hands the toy or food to the kid. Through this trade, correspondence is then reinforced. Essentially PECS can also be applied to make proposals in regards to things saw or heard inside the encompassing. For example, an understudy may see a vehicle passing by and give an image of a vehicle to his educator. The target of this technique is that, when a kid begins to recognize the significance of correspondence, the youngster will begin utilizing common discourse rather than pictures. How this assistive innovation functions An understudy with mental imbalance can be instructed how to utilize this innovation by his instructor, parental figure or a specialist, who comprehends the manner in which this innovation works. Typically, an applied conduct investigation (ABA) strategy is applied. Through this strategy, prompts are offered to control the image trade. All the more in this way, in the underlying phases of PECS preparing, the understudy chooses an image he needs and gets what is on the image, for example food. Getting food is intended to give an encouraging feedback to the understudy for his utilization of the image in imparting. Ordinarily PECS preparing involves six phases: Stage I: the instructor records down a rundown of the understudies most loved things ordinarily beginning with nourishments. A solitary thing from the rundown is picked for the initial preparing exercise, and things picture is drawn. The thing can be placed in a spot noticeable to the understudy, to permit the understudy to see the thing yet not to pick it. At the point when the youngster appears to be keen on the thing, the educator gives such an understudy an image card of the thing. The educator controls the understudies hand to pick the image and offer it to the instructor. The second the educator gets the card from the understudy, he imparts noisily the need the understudy needs, for example, he state so you need the cake and give the cake to the kid. Stage II: the educator moves a little separation all together for the understudy to move towards him to give the image card to the instructor. Stage III: the understudy is furnished with a few picture cards so he can pick the one speaking to what he needs. The chose picture card is given to the instructor, as of now; the understudy may utilize a cover or a correspondence board where the cards will be held. Stage IV: now, the understudy is given a card composed on I want____. The understudy needs to utilize this card along with the image card delineating what is needed. The idea is that the understudy will become familiar with the best approach to convey through complete sentences. Those understudies who can not peruse the words can be in a situation to perceive the words composed as images on the card. Stage V: before this stage, the understudy has never been legitimately what he needs, at this stage, the instructor asks the understudy straightforwardly what he needs, and afterward trusts that the understudy will choose an image speaking to what the understudies needs. This exercise manufactures the reason for future correspondence between the understudy and the instructor when the educator needs to discover what the understudy needs. Stage VI: the second the understudy can fluidly utilize PECS, and has figured out how to sum up the framework to utilize it to speak with others separated from the educator; the understudy is trained the way make proposals on something that he has watched. The instructor gets something intriguing and requests that the understudy say what the thing is. At that stage the educator additionally picks a card with I see _____. The understudy is to coordinate the card with what he is seeing. As such, the kid can figure out how to convey what he watches along with his encounters to others (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). Hypothesis behind this innovation The express support originating from quickly accepting what an understudy with chemical imbalance is the fundamental rule of PECS. An understudy can show his inward wishes without talking any words, and be compensated. Such unmistakable rewards extraordinarily fortify such a youngster contrasted with social prizes, especially during the underlying phase of correspondence. PECS could too improve the social relations of a mental imbalance youngster. This is on the grounds that the youngster can figure out how to start correspondence; all the more along these lines, now the kid isn't required to talk, so the kid is less scared. How successful is the innovation Various investigations did have demonstrated that PECS is valuable instrument in helping kids with chemical imbalance. For instance, an examination did by Schwar

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Society And The River: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 	In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates analysis of society by differentiating Huck and Jim’s life on the stream to their dealings with individuals ashore. Twain utilizes the undertakings of Huck and Jim to uncover the deception, bigotry, and shameful acts of society. 	Throughout the book bad faith of society is carried out by Huck's dealings with individuals. Miss Watson, the main character, is shown as a wolf in sheep's clothing by Huck "Pretty soon I needed to smoke, and requested that the widow let me. Yet, she wouldn’t. †¦And she took snuff as well; obviously that was good, since she done it herself" (Twain 8). Huck didn't comprehend why she doesn't need him to smoke, "That is only the route with certain individuals. They get down on a thing when they don't think nothing about it" (Twain 8). 	When Huck experiences the Grangerfords and Shepardsons he portrays Colonel Grangerford as, " †¦a man of his word, you see. He was a man of his word all finished; as was his family"(Twain 86). On Sunday when Huck goes to chapel he sees the hypocriticalism of the families, "The men took their weapons along, †¦The Shepardsons done likewise. I t was truly ornery lecturing about thoughtful love, and such-like†¦" (Twain 90). 	Huck with his enemy of society disposition, you would assume that he would have no issue in aiding Jim. However he quarrels inside himself over turning over Jim to the specialists, by this activity inside Huck shows that he should have sentiments that bondage is right with the goal that the racial bias of the time might be seen. This choice for Huck is grand despite the fact that he makes it on the spot. He has in a manner chosen to walk out on everything that "home" represents, this permits us to leave our idea of bias behind and start to see Jim for what he truly is a man. 	Huck’s mentality for Jim is supremacist which is seen when he chooses to pull a prank on Jim during their journey. After Huck plays his stunt his mentality toward Jim starts to change, "It was fifteen minutes before I could stir myself up to proceed to lower myself to a nigger; however I done it, and I warn't ever upset for it a short time later, neither" (Twain 72). The discourse all through the book among Huck and Jim represents that Jim is more than property and that he is an individual with sentiments, and trusts in a superior future.

Chronophobia or the Fear of Time

Chronophobia or the Fear of Time Phobias Types Print Chronophobia Is Characterized by a Fear of Time By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 19, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 12, 2019 Altrendo Images / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prevalence Symptoms Treatments Prevention View All Back To Top Chronophobia is characterized by the  fear of the passage of time,?? usually, because people fear that their time on Earth is limited or have trouble tracking its passing. Even though time isnt fully concrete, some may consider it as a type of specific phobia, similar to how one would fear a cat or snake. Prevalence of Chronophobia Some populations experience chronophobia, the fear of time, more than others. In fact, since it is so common in prison populations it is sometimes known as prison neurosis.?? The elderly, as well as people facing terminal illnesses who worry that their time on Earth may be limited, may also face this fear.  Time becomes their enemy, and they fear it  because its passing will ultimately lead to their death. The fear of time also sometimes presents in the wake of severe trauma, such as a natural disaster, particularly if the daily routine is seriously disrupted.    It is also relatively common among shipwreck survivors and others who are trapped in a high-anxiety situation with no familiar means of tracking the passage of time. In fact, a sense of a foreshortened future has previously been used as one of the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? Symptoms Chronophobia is marked by a sense of derealization in which time seems to speed up or slow down. Some people develop circular thought patterns, racing thoughts, and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prisoners often mark down the days until their release.?? Many victims will also experience panic, anxiety, and claustrophobia, which are common symptoms of most phobias as well as common reactions to trauma. Panic attacks, sweating, shortness of breath, and even persistently haunting thoughts are also often reported, but only in extreme cases.?? Treatments In extreme cases, untreated chronophobia can lead to isolation, depression, and even increasingly disordered thinking. It is important to seek advice from a qualified mental health professional as soon as possible.?? Chronophobia responds well to such standard phobia treatments as cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy. As it is closely linked with other disorders, however, it is best to diagnose and treat all concurrent conditions simultaneously.?? In some cases, psychiatrists may prescribe medications, but psychotherapy remains the primary treatment for phobias. Prevention of Chronophobia Since the fear of time is often caused by situations that cannot be fully controlled, like illness, it is difficult to prevent. More general anxiety and stress management techniques also exist.

Happiness is the Purpose to Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 753 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Happiness Essay Did you like this example? Happiness is the meaning and purpose to life, the whole aim, and end to human existence, said Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Happiness seems to always be the goal in our lives but what is the secret or key to it? It seems almost impossible to construct or make a plan to have a confirmed happy life. A Harvard study started in 1938 has made some insight to some secrets that not all of us may have realized. During the Great Depression in 1938, Harvard scientists took 268 physically and mentally healthy Harvard sophomores for a longitudinal study on happiness. This study included no females because, at the time, Harvard was an all-male school. This first study was known as the Grant Study There was a second study named The Glueck Study where the directors took 456 inner-city Boston men and studied them. These subjects happened to be a bit poorer than the Harvard subjects. Starting in 1939, a year after the Grant Study began, having the second control group helped scie ntists examine the differences between the two upcoming. This determines whether or not, money is a factor in happiness. Information on the subjects was gathered by personal interviews. Questions included were on career enjoyment, physical and mental health, retirement, their marriage quality. The goal of the study was to more or less, identify predictors of healthy aging. Scientists studied what psychosocial variables biological processes in childhood could predict the outcomes of older age. If that earlier lifetime could affect intimate relationships and marriage in the future. In this first generation study, scientists found in their subjects that relationships were one of the key factors in their health and well-being. The surprising finding is that our relationships and how happy we are in our relationships have a powerful influence on our health, said Robert Waldinger, director of the study, a psychiatrist at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Taking care of your body is important, but tending to your relationships is a form of self-care too. That, I think, is the revelation. It was studied that relationships took over happiness more than fame or money. This was found in both studies. They also found other small results, such as alcoholism was a disorder. It was the main cause of divorces between The Grant Study men and their wives. It also found that instead of depression or neurosis being the cause of alcohol abuse it tended to precede it instead. Linked to cigarettes, this was the number one contributor to death. Another result found that financial success has nothing to do with intelligence, but depends on the warmth of their relationships. There was no significant difference between the incomes of men with low IQs versus men with high IQs. But those considered with high warm relationships earning about one hundred and forty-four thousand dollars more a year during their peak salaries than those not measuring high in warm relationships. One of the most interesting results was that those close with their mothers in childhood had a better work ethic, and earned an average of eighty-seven thousand dollars a year, more than those who were uncaring with their mothers. Those who were cold towards their mothers were more likely to get dementia when they were older as well. Men who were closer to their father as a child were less likely to have adult anxiety. They also enjoyed vacations or relaxing more. And unlike men being close to their mothers, they had increased life satisfaction at age seventy-five. Warmth in relationships had ultimately been the biggest factor in life satisfaction. George Eman Vaillant, another psychiatrist, and professor at Harvard Medical School, and director on the study wrote three books on the studies and concluded that Happiness is love. Full stop. Today, the studies continue on. Nineteen of the original subjects still live on to this day in their mid-nineties. The study has been going on for more than eighty years and is the longest study of adult life. The second generation study is in effect as well. This includes the first two studies offspring, which totals about 1,300 subjects who are now in their 50s and 60s. This study has and continues to prove that happiness is as simple as having long and lasting warm relationships. People who are close with their family have a greater chance of living long and prosperous and being the most satisfied with their lives. So maybe that long phone call with your mom doesnt sound too bad now, huh? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Happiness is the Purpose to Life" essay for you Create order

Differences Between The Likeability And The Buckets Of...

4 Ways to Increase Likability By Silvia Mordini I never thought in terms of â€Å"likes† until I joined facebook 5 years ago. This simple word â€Å"like† has reframed my perspective. I have a love/hate relationship with it. Although I appreciate how important likability is for positive human relationships, I don’t want how we view each other and the world to be in the buckets of like or not. However in this new world of liking and friending, we have to find a way to make it work for us. Why? Because fundamentally we all prefer to be friends, do business, fall in love and work for people we like. Let’s begin with defining â€Å"likability.† According to Urban Dictionary, â€Å"Likable, charismatic, a trait in someone that is warm familiar comfortable and easy to be around. Friend worthy, A trait generally noticed right away instant feeling of comfort and trust desirable to be around.† Expert Tim Sanders, defines it in his book The Likeability Factor as having these 4 characteristics: 1. Friendliness: your ability to communicate liking and openness to others 2. Relevance: your capacity to connect with others interests, wants, and needs 3. Empathy: your ability to recognize, acknowledge, and experience other people s feelings 4. Realness: the integrity that stands behind your likeability and guarantees its authenticity Melissa Tamkins of Columbia University studied likability in the workplace for many years and concluded this: â€Å"Success in the workplace is guaranteed not by what or whomShow MoreRelatedNon Profit Organization Marketing : An Organization Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pagesinitially introduced by United Nations in 1960s, defined NGO as an aggregation from voluntary citizens to form an organization whose purpose are focus on local, national or even international level to dedicated to some particular issues on social causes like animal protection, same sex marriage or mental health to bring citizens’ concern to governments while encourage others stakeholders to participated in the organization to strive for social improvement by providing physical goods or services, monitoringRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 Pages........................................................................ 57 Australian Communications and Media Authority 2 Summary Preface This report was prepared by the Bond University Centre for New Media Research and Education between August and November 2006. The research team was Dr Jeffrey E. Brand (Director), Dr Mark Bahr (Psychology), Ms Jill Borchard and Ms Tanya Neves, (PhD students at the Centre). This research was conducted by independent researchers and the conclusions

Mental Health and the Prison System Free Essays

Who are the victims of mental health and how they are treated within the legal and prison system? Mental health or mental illness, base on the question, ‘is concern with illnesses of the mind, or with treating illnesses of the mind.’ (Longman, p.890) These illnesses, which affect the mind, create hallucinations that can lead the people who suffer from them to cause harm to the innocent people who fall victim to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health and the Prison System or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the Longman dictionary, the word ‘victim’ refers to ‘someone who has been attacked, robbed or murdered’. (Longman, p.1593) It can also refer to someone who suffers because they are affected by an illness. In January 1999, a young woman was pushed from behind, in front of a New York City subway train, to her death. Her murderer was a mentally ill patient who had refused to consume his medication. This young woman’s name was Kendra Webdale and the Kendra’s law was named after her. She was considered a victim of mental health. There are many other cases who were fall victim to these illnesses. Due to their mental illnesses, many people questioned whether these ‘criminals’ should be charged and face the consequences or should they be treated in the hospital for the mentally ill under strict control and supervision. They are being view as the victims of the mental health for the reason that they are not in their ‘right’ minds to judge. This occurs because they are suffering from the illness affecting their mind. Looking from the patients’ point of view, they are undergoing a lot of stress due to their conditions as they have fears that they are not accepted by the family, friends and society. With the stress they are undergoing, they might not be able to face the fact and would not want to take their medication. This had led to intervention of the legal system to control the situation. According to Kendra’s Law, a procedure has to be followed for obtaining court orders for certain individuals with mental illness to receive and accept assisted outpatient treatment (AOT). (Office of Mental Health, 2006) The mentally ill individual who can qualify for AOT must be at least 18 years old and shows a sign of being incapable of surviving on his own. In view of the concern that the patient may do serious harm to others in the society, an AOT is more likely to benefit him. The request for AOT can be done by the parent, spouse, sibling, director of a hospital, licensed psychologist or a probation officer. However, there are some lawyers who contest that the law will only serve to violate the patient’s process protection. In addition, many wonder if the implementation of this law is strong enough to force a person to take medication. There is always the possibility of the patient having tried to seek treatment but failed. As such, the government should not simply laws to force the taking of medication but for the state to provide medication as well. In the case of the prison system, there has been a significant increase in the number of inmates who are found to be severely mentally ill. Despite the increase in the number of inmates, the medical treatment necessary for this group of inmate did not increase. Moreover, the staff handling them are not properly trained and thus, many of these inmates are being victimized in the prison cells due to their disorganized speech and behaviour. Their inability to communicate well with others may in turn antagonize their officers or fellow inmates. In conclusion, the victims of mental health do not necessarily refer to only the ones suffering from the illness but those who are indirectly affected as well. The patients should be given proper and better treatment and the society should also be educated on how these patients need to be treated in order to survive in the society. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Harold E. Shabo. 2001. Social Costs: Criminal Justice and Mental Health System Gaps which Contribute to the Criminalization of Mentally Disordered Persons. California. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Longman. 1999. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: International Students Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Spain. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Office of Mental Health. 2006. An Explanation of Kendra’s Law. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   About: Mental Health. 2006. Forced Mental Treatment has a Place.   http://www.mentalhealth.about.com/cs/schizophrenia/a/commit204.htm 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental Health Services. 2006. Bureau of Mental Health Services. http://www.drc.state.oh.us/web/mentalhealth.htm How to cite Mental Health and the Prison System, Essay examples

Trainers Report Essay Example For Students

Trainers Report Essay Trainers ReportPurpose:The purpose of this training session is to teach the trainee how to fold a turtle. In the Korean culture, by folding a thousand turtles, it brings truth, victory and luck to the person who is receiving it as a gift. Learning Objective:After this training session, the trainee will be able to successfully fold a turtle with different colors and sizes paper. Pre-training: Follow me step by step and will walk through each step consistently Finished turtles in a bottle to show traineeTraining Plan:(Supplies Needed)? 500 1000 pieces of color or plain 50 x 50 (mm) papers? bottle to hold 500-1000 turtles or something similar to hold them1) Take out one piece of paper from the box2) Fold paper in halve3) Open paper 4) Fold paper in quarters5) Repeat step 2 ; 3 for the other side of the paper (now you have 16 small squares)6) Open paper 7) Fold a triangle8) Open paper 9) Fold another triangle for the other side of paper10) Take one corner and fold inward to the center point (do so for all 4 corners)11) Unfold and push opposite side of the paper inward to form a big triangle12) Take one corner of triangle and fold in to the center foot13) Repeat step 9 for all four corners14) Now that you have a little house shape, push all four corners in to center foot so that a diamond shape is formed15) Fold two corners in halve for both side16) Now fold th e triangle in halves again for both side to make the legs for the turtle17) Fold the two corners of the diamond towards the middle to form a Christmas tree shape. We will write a custom essay on Trainers Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 18) Do so for both side of the diamond19) Pull the top inward to make the head for the turtle20) Pull the other top inward to make the tail for the turtle21) Hold on to the four legs22) Gently pull outward to form the shell23) Now all you have to do is to repeat step 1 to 19, nine hundred ninety-nine times and the gift will be finishedPost Training:Remember to fold according to the crease that you have created and that whatever you do on one side, make sure you repeat it for the other side as well. Evaluation:? Did trainee complete all steps Is the turtle in the shape that it requires Did trainee missed or made an error on one of the steps Did the trainee remember all the steps required?

Marx and Durkheim agreed about the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist society but disagreed about their cause and solution Essay Example

Marx and Durkheim agreed about the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist society but disagreed about their cause and solution Essay Example Marx and Durkheim agreed about the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist society but disagreed about their cause and solution Paper Marx and Durkheim agreed about the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist society but disagreed about their cause and solution Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French, arguably quintessential, sociologist with his assertions that society sui generis is the subject matter of sociology. Treat social facts as things is a famous dictum of Durkheim by which he means social phenomena is an objective realm, external to individuals. Social facts are ways of acting, thinking or feeling that are external to individuals, having their own reality outside the perceptions and lives of individuals (Giddens, 2001, p9). These social facts exercise a coercive power over individuals. Durkheim considered sociology as a new science. By examining traditional philosophical questions empirically, sociology could be used to elucidate these questions. Durkheim was intensely concerned about the social pathology of contemporary industrial society (Anderson et al, 1987, p47). Durkheim was also particularly interested in social and moral solidarity and so studied what holds society together and what keeps society from descending into chaos. Durkheim approached modernity and the industrial revolution through the study of the division of labour (LaCapra, 1972, p82). In 1893 Durkheim wrote his first major works, The Division of Labour in Society in which he contrasted mechanical and organic solidarity and related them to the growth of distinctions between different occupations the division of labour. Durkheim argued that primitive societies were characterised by a mechanical solidarity with a limited division of labour. Social solidarity was based on shared values, all individuals performed similar tasks and were bound together by a common collective conscience. After a gradual move towards an organic society with an advanced division of labour, individuals had different occupational roles and social solidarity was based on moral individualism and cultural pluralism. Social integration was based upon the division of labour. Although Durkheim rejected ideas of both Comte and Saint-Simon, Durkheim did believe that the organic division of labour could provide the basis for individual freedom and social co-operation if the pathological features of contemporary society were eliminated (Anderson et al, 1987, p47). Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie to sociology, which literally means without norms. Anomie exists when society fails to provide a limiting framework of social norms, resulting in unhappiness and social disorders. Durkheim aimed to establish sociology as a science and to establish the requirements to maintain social order in modern societies. After witnessing the growth of industrial production and the inequalities that resulted from this growth, Karl Marx (1818-1883) sought to explain the changes that were occurring in society during the Industrial Revolution era. Marx saw the new and old societies, capitalism and feudalism, in stark contrast. Feudalism was based on the agricultural, rural society, the opposite of industrial capitalist society. Industrial capitalism is dominated by the market. In the production of goods for the market their intrinsic worth plays little part; the worth of any commodity is its exchange value. Everything in society is dominated by the cash nexus, including labour which becomes another commodity to be bought and sold (Anderson et al, 1987, p5). Marx argued that the capitalist property-owners form a ruling class, whom Marx called the bourgeoisie, employers of wage-labour, the property-less working class, whom Marx labelled the proletariat. As industrialisation developed, large numbers of peasants moved to expanding cities and so aided the formation of an urban-based industrial working class. The middle class of merchants and manufacturers (or capitalists) were bourgeois, as distinguished from the remnant of the feudal class, from the proletariat of industrial labourers, and from the peasantry (Smelser et al, 1976, p54). Marx argued that Capitalism is inherently a class system in which class relations are characterised by conflict (Giddens, 2001, p12). In Marxs view, the bourgeoisie were able to generate profit by exploiting the proletariat through oppressive devaluation of skilled labour and its experience. Ultimately, for Marx, this led to alienation the degradation of the workers to become a most miserable sort of commodity whose misery is in inverse proportion to the power and size of his production (Marx, 1848, p77). This commodity would become the social class, called the proletariat by Marx. Labour was organised solely with regard to efficiency and the pursuit of profit. These factors led to inequalities of the working class which increased dramatically the gap between the capitalists and the working class, as well as the wealth and lifestyles of property-owners. Shopkeepers, independent craftsmen and so on were undermined as capitalist production developed a competitive appetite. Marx claimed that it is not acquisitive and competitive individuals who produce capitalist society. It is capitalist society that produces competitive and acquisitive individuals (Hughes et al, 1995). Marx and Durkheim often had conflicting ideas. However, they did share similar views about some sociological ideas. Both believed that scientifically based knowledge of society could be used to improve the conditions of humanity. Both believed their task was to discover the laws that governed the organisation of the social order and draw parallels with the ways in which the natural sciences had revealed the laws of nature. When looking at the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist society, Marx and Durkheim share the argument that the individual and collective were in opposition to one another. They both believed that the individual is a naturally self-interested being which flourished only when exempt from any kind of control by society was a manifestation of modern society and, indeed, of the most pathological features of that society (Anderson et al, 1987, p132). Marx and Durkheim both viewed the individual as a being with a need for society. However, Marx suggested that Man has a nature that will eventually assert and fulfil itself and will do so at the expense of a decadent social order (Smelser et al, 1976, p123). Durkheim claimed that Mans need for society is met less by substantive principles of justice and more by social ties and normative limits (Smelser et al, 1976, p123). Marx and Durkheim argued that we live in societies, called organic by Durkheim and capitalist by Marx, in which people are increasingly, individually, able to do what they want to do but less and less part of social groups. The idea that people should be free from external constraint was opposed by neither Durkheim nor Marx but both believe that in modern societies, extreme freedom can be a bad thing for the individual. Marx and Durkheim tried to disclose the concept of freedom of the individual in western societies of the nineteenth century as an illusion. The freedom of the individual was, Marx argued, only apparent, a superficial kind of freedom (Anderson et al, 1987, p132). Although Marx and Durkheim showed agreement about the problems of industrial capitalist society they disagreed about the causes, as we have seen, and solutions, of this society. Durkheim displayed a particular avoidance of much of Marxs work. Durkheim did relatively little to build upon the integration with the work of Marx. The Marx whom Durkheim particularly abhorred was the Marx who advocated class conflict and violent revolution in modern society (LaCapra, 1972, p23). Durkheim believed that the conception of modern society proceeded through a pathological state of rapid transition, developing into normality. Durkheim was optimistic that modern society possessed the ability to resolve the severe problems produced by industrial capitalist society. Like the political and social theorist Rousseau, Marx desired a means to vanquish the inequalities and divisions of the society of his time and to constitute a true community. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all (Marx, 1848, p31). Marx, also like Rousseau, pinpointed the obstacle to attainment in the circumstantially developed divisions among people, particularly the division of labour. Marx argued that social change is primarily prompted by economic influences. Class conflicts provide the drive for historical development and change. Marx called this idea the materialist conception of history. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles (Marx, 1848, p222). In accordance with his view of history, Marx argued that just like the bourgeois had united to abolish the feudal society, so too would the bourgeois be ousted and a new society installed. Marx believed that the proletariat would develop the capacity and the will overtime to revolt, resulting in the downfall of the capitalist system. This would enable a new society to evolve in which there would be no classes and so no vast divisions between rich and poor. Marx believed that inequalities would no longer contain the split of the mass of the population that were exploited by the ruling class who, in their small minority, monopolised the economical and political power. The revolution that would overthrow capitalism would lead to communism. This political ideology, derived from socialism, aimed to create a society in which private productive property, social classes and the state are absent. With the revolutionary defeat of capitalism, Marx envisaged the emergence of socialist societies in which the state would still play a role but only with the transformation of all property relations. Whereas Marx saw the solution to social problems in terms of direct political actions, Durkheim took a more Clinician-cum-managerialist view by emphasising the effective treatment of the pathological conditions which can afflict society through the deliberate reorganisation of its institutions (Hughes et al, 1995). Durkheim believed modern society would naturally evolve in the direction of normality, certainly without violent revolution (LaCapra, 1973, p22). Durkheim argues that individuals need to integrate forms of behaviour. Individuals now pursue varied lines of work, are not self-sufficient and must engage in multiple exchanges with others. The mechanical society, where individuals performed similar tasks and experienced shared values, is not enough for the individual, who wants to pursue different roles and experience freedom to do what the individual wants to do. The view of human nature held by Durkheim was that there is no natural limit to the desires, ambitions or needs of the individual. This view stands in the tradition of the English philosopher and political theorist, Thomas Hobbes. Durkheim argued that the required limits must be socially produced. Durkheims concept of anomie is a condition of society.. in which there exists little consensus, a lack of certainty on values or goals, and a loss of effectiveness in the normative and moral framework which regulates collective and individual life (Jary, 2000). Durkheim sees anomie as an abnormal social form, resulting from the failure of modern societies to move fully from a mechanical society to an organic society. What Durkheim called an anomic division of labour existed because occupations were not allocated according to skills or experience and so were obliterated. Economic activity in these societies remained unregulated by a coherent value system. Not only did Durkheim criticise the anomic character of the division of labour but also its forced and excessive character. It was forced because the inheritance of private property meant that individuals were not free to find the work most suited to their skills and talents; it was excessive because workers often had insufficient work to keep them occupied in a way that produced job satisfaction (Anderson et al, 1987, p48). Durkheim argued that these factors of the modern divisions of labour led to class conflict. Durkheims solution to the problems of industrial capitalist society was to properly regulate the division of labour. This would end class struggles, achieved through economic co-operation among modern guild associations and through the overall political and moral guidance of a liberal republican state whose power could be checked as necessary through these same guilds(Anderson et al, 1987, p48). Durkheim proposed that the organisation of intermediate groups, such as professional and occupational groups, would enable the individual to bind into the community. Both conflicting and confirming each other at various stages of their writings, Marx and Durkheim, when analysed, attract similar conclusions as to the nature of the problems of industrial capitalist societies. The theorists seem to recognise that capitalism is inevitable and both agree that inequality is the foreseeable outcome. Both Marxs and Durkheims work have attracted criticism and opposition. Marxs class analysis has been opposed for not sufficiently considering the rise of new middle class groups, or affluence. This suggests that Marxs theory of social change and revolution is wrong, although Marx never set a time scale for revolution. Durkheims work has attracted criticism for overstating general normative and social structural influences at the expense of individual agency, although it was always Durkheims intention to leave scope for the latter within his sociology (Jary, 2000). Marx developed a theory that generated specific predictions about the future of capitalism (Smelser et al, 1976, p259). Marx argued that society is a human product, that mens thinking and acting shape the social world, although he also claims that man is a social product. Marxs theory helped to shape sociology even as it was changing the world; Durkheims influence on sociology is unparalleled (Smelser et al, 1976, p70). Despite criticisms and opposing theories, Marx and Durkheim have left a major impression on the sociological world that has shaped and influenced modern sociology and its theorists.

Size, Facts, and Figures of the Alamosaurus

Size, Facts, and Figures of the Alamosaurus Although there may be other genera whose fossils have yet to be discovered, Alamosaurus (Greek for Alamo lizard and pronounced AL-ah-moe-SORE-us) is one of the few titanosaurs known to have lived in the late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) in North America, and possibly in vast numbers: According to one analysis, there may have been as many as 350,000 of these 60-foot-long herbivores living in Texas at any given time. Its closest relative appears to have been another titanosaur, Saltasaurus. Bigger Than We Thought A recent analysis has shown that Alamosaurus may have been a bigger dinosaur than originally estimated, possibly in the weight class of its more famous South American cousin Argentinosaurus. It turns out that some of the type fossils used to reconstruct Alamosaurus may have come from adolescents rather than full-grown adults, meaning that this titanosaur may well have attained lengths of over 60 feet from head to tail and weights in excess of 70 or 80 tons. The Origin of the Name By the way, its an odd fact that Alamosaurus wasnt named after the Alamo in Texas, but the Ojo Alamo sandstone formation in New Mexico. This herbivore already had its name when numerous (but incomplete) fossils were discovered in the Lone Star State, so you might say that everything worked out in the end!

Retail Business Analysis and Decision-Making Case Study

Retail Business Analysis and Decision-Making - Case Study Example The general strategy was low price but the price elasticity of the product and other factors were taken into consideration in terms of quantity purchased and price set. Product 1 An assessment of the historical trends along with pre-simulation market information revealed that the average demand for the product was 2,590,000 in year 1 and 2,680,000 in year 2. The growth in demand was expected to continue based on the trend in the graph. This was attributed to the fact that product is widely used by all age and income groups in the population. The demand is relatively price inelastic so the level of promotional expenses on the product was relatively less than on the other products. Our team ordered products for two periods in quarter 1 and three periods in quarter 2. This strategy worked fairly well as all inventories carried forward to quarter 3 were sold. Our team’s market share for this product was considered very low. Product 2 Although there is a general upward demand, the pre-simulation market report indicates that this is a discretionary product and that there is a higher level of brand awareness for the product when compared to Product 1. Therefore, demand for the product is based on promotions. ... There was no sale in quarter 1 and so less was ordered for quarters 3 and 4. The price was drastically reduced in quarter 2 and our team was therefore left with no stock on hand as the price was way below the market and suggests that our team was not aware of what the competition was doing. The other two periods saw minimal stock balances on hand at the end of the period. Our market share for this product in quarter 2 was 24.3% which is good when one considers that the market had eight participants. However, quarters 1, 3 and 4 were way below par. Product 3 An analysis of the demand for Product 3 indicates ups and downs in year 1. Year 2 on the other hand showed increases in quarter 2 over quarter 1 and so on up to the 4th quarter with drastic increases of over 50% on the previous quarter. Information obtained reveals that only a narrow segment the population demands this product and that there is a great brand loyalty. This product is a discretionary product and therefore it may sho w dramatic swings based on the economy. However, strong interest tends to prevent this from happening. Since price has an impact on the volume during gift giving periods such as quarter 4 it is best to keep the price at a low price in order to benefit from increased sales volume. Our team sold off all the inventories on hand in quarters 1 and 2 which indicates that too little goods were on hand to satisfy demand. Our market share was average for this product ranging from 15.6% to 12.5%. Product 4 Based on the trends in historic demand for the product it is clear that demand is cyclical with the lowest demand in quarter 1 of each year. Quarter 2 followed by quarter 3 is the period of highest sales with demand in quarter 2 increasing by between four and five

Middle East Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Middle East Story - Essay Example Mariam is Muslim and Tony is Christian. I personally believe this change greatly changes the story and makes it even more impossible for Mariam and Tony to be together. Also, it is important to note that the story does take place in 2006. America and the Muslim world is at a point where any communication leads to inevitable misunderstanding and yet, Tony, an American Christian soldier falls in love with the Islamic Qatari Mariam. I really like my modernized version of the play. I feel that since there is so much hostility between the Americans and the Muslims, showing a play where both sides want to give up what they stand for and just be devoted to each other shows that love prevails over all. Throwing dirt on others does not make us a better person; and violence is definitely not the answer to all questions. Middle East Story shows that life is short, and questions, is it wise to spend a short life hating and killing those who disagree with our viewpoint In my modernized version, Tony does die. I felt it was important for Tony to die, because even after he dies, Mariam shows her affection for him. She covers his face with her head covering, her identity of being a Muslim. I felt this was a very powerful scene in the play. This play is based on the musical, West Side Story, and I have attempted to modernize it by making a few... Mariam is the sister of Qatar's Islamic groups' leader, Ibrahim. Ibrahim wants Qatar to be independent of the American soldiers because he fears the Americans would Westernize the Qataris and cause trouble. From the start it is established that Mariam's family is against the American soldiers. Tony, the guy with whom Mariam meets and falls in love, is an American soldier. This racial difference is very difficult to deal with. The American soldiers pity the Qataris whom the Americans believe are living a backwards life. The American soldiers believe women should have more freedom and the country overall should be more open-minded. The lack of understanding between both races leads to hatred; the American soldiers stationed in Qatar and the members of the Islamic groups have a hard time tolerating each other. A social class difference also exists between Mariam and Tony. Mariam comes from a very wealthy family. Her family owns a big house and she enjoys a comfortable lifestyle. Tony, on the other hand, comes from a middle class family. He lives in an apartment and does not enjoy a luxurious lifestyle. According to Qatar standards, a girl that comes from a wealthy family is supposed to be married to a man who is either of equal financial status or preferably richer. The last and major difference is the religion difference. This difference is not mentioned in the West Side Story. Mariam is a Muslim woman and Tony is a Christian man. According to Islam, it is not permissible for Mariam to get married to Tony. Also, Mariam came from a family that was religiously active and consistently reinforced the teachings and principles of Islam. Theme The whole play revolves around conflicts between the

Divorce Rhtorical Analysis :: essays research papers fc

Most people, when thinking about divorce, worry about the impact that it has on the children that are involved. Even though children are most likely better off if totally incompatible parents separate instead of staying together, divorce is about loss and change, and it is still hard for children. Everyone knows that divorce has its effects on children. There are three different sources that try to explain these effects. Graham Blaine Jr. states that divorce is a threat to all children, whereas Rhona Mahony states that divorce is not always the cause of behavioral or academic problems in children coming from divorced families. Yvette Walczak and Sheila Burns state that the extent of the damage can be determined by the parents and their methods of explanation to the children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Graham Blaine Jr. who is the Chief of Psychiatry at Harvard University health services writes a chapter in the book Explaining Divorce to Children. This chapter is entitled â€Å"The Effect of Divorce upon the Personality Development of Children and Youth.† He addresses this chapter to parents who are considering getting a divorce or are in the middle of the divorce process. The author uses a combination of Ethos and Pathos to support his theory on divorce. Blaine uses these strategies to highlight the mixed emotions a child may endure while going through such a confusing stage of their early lives. This then gives the audience a better understanding of the certain personalities children may gain while coping with sad situation of split parents. He also draws on his experience as a psychiatrist to give statistics as well as true stories to back up his reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blaine uses five specific guidelines for parents to follow in order to try and lessen the effect of divorce upon the child. These are: 1) Place children with whichever parent remarries unless there is a marked incompatibility between that parent and the child. 2) Children under twelve should not be sent to boarding school. 3) If children must be shuffled between two families, then one household should be established as home and the other as a place to visit. 4) Do not give children under twelve a choice regarding the parent with whom they are to live, and do not tell children about an impending divorce until definite plans for the future had been agreed upon. 5) Children should not be placed in a position where they serve as confidants or spies for one parent against the other.

Contextualising the text – Yerma

Throughout his adult life, Garcia Lorca spoke frequently and with great pleasure about the profound importance he attributed to his early childhood in the small villages in the countryside near Granada, and later, in the provincial capital itself. Lorca's father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez was a wealthy landowner with several substantial holdings in the rich alluvial plain called La Vega de Granada. Having been widowed in his first marriage and left without children, Don Federico's second marriage (of which his family disapproved because of the inferior social and economic background of his bride) was to a school teacher from Granada, Vincenta Lorca Romero. The mere fact that she had a profession and a job is an indication of her independence and strength of character. The influence of her personality was to be of the utmost importance for Federico Garcia Lorca, her eldest son, born in June of 1898. The experience of the first ten years in that fertile region of slow rivers and poplar groves, with the snow-capped Sierra Nevada in the distance, seems to have provided Lorca with an inexhaustible well-spring of inspiration and feeling for Spain's rural people and their world. The rural folk he was surrounded by became a great influence in his work as we are shown in his second rural play Yerma. Act 2, scene 1 shows us a parallel to what Lorca would have witnessed often during his childhood. In his late teens he began to write poems that he would recite in local cafes. As a child he was known to carry on conversations with inanimate objects, bestowing upon each object a personality and speaking with them as if they were living things and might speak back at any moment. His writing career began with a book of essays in 1918, followed by a play in 1920 and book of poetry in 1921. In 1919 he left to study law at the Residencia de Estudiantes, where he met and became friends with film director Luis Bunuel and painter Salvador Dali, among other Spanish notables of his generation. With the exception of summer vacations spent in Granada, Garcia Lorca would stay in the Residencia until 1928, by which time he had become Spain's most highly respected younger poet. In the period of his greatest fame, Lorca drifted into a depressive, disillusioned state of mind. He described himself to a friend as suffering â€Å"one of the saddest and most unpleasant moments of my life. † He abandoned the gypsy ballad poetry that was making him famous. He even stopped reading his poetry to friends. He was rescued from this melancholy mood by his mentor, Fernando de los Rios, who took him from Madrid through France and England to New York City. In his plays, the pivotal characters are women. Women are the ones who suffer from desire and pass through conflict to tragic or comic resolution. Most of the scenes take place in women's spaces, the domestic interiors which they rule and from which men are estranged (or, as in The House of Bernarda Alba, completely prohibited). The female characters reveal themselves most easily and deeply in conversations with other women. The poetry which erupts at moments of emotional intensity usually comes from the mouths of female characters. Especially in the three great tragedies which are known as his â€Å"trilogy of rural life,† Lorca chooses women to exemplify the human life which is crushed by Spanish customs and social life. He went to Cuba in 1929-30 and returned to Spain in 1931. That year Spain became a Republic, which gave hope to many – Garcia Lorca included – that Spain's standard of living would be improved, its illiteracy reduced and its culture more widely disseminated. He became a director of a student theatre company, â€Å"La Barraca,† which toured small villages and in the faces of harassment by Fascist partisans presented the Spanish classics to the peasants. The company produced the three â€Å"rural tragedies† on which Garcia Lorca's theatrical reputation rests. Yerma (1934), the second of the three tragedies, is the story of a woman who is unable to conceive although she desperately longs to have a child. The first and third tragedies are Blood Wedding (1933) and The House Bernada Alba, which was never performed during Garcia Lorca's lifetime. At the start of the Spanish Civil War, he went to Granada, which he regarded as relatively safe. Although he had no political affiliations, he was known to be a friend of left-wing intellectuals and an advocate of liberty. Apparently this was enough of an indictment for the Falangists who arrested him on the orders of the Nationalist Civil Governor on August 16, 1936. He was held for two days, tortured and shot. Garcia Lorca was homosexual, and he suffered greatly because of the strict, conservative nature of Spain at that time. His writings were outlawed in Granada's Plaza del Carmen. Even speaking his name was forbidden. The young poet quickly became a martyr, an international symbol of the politically oppressed, but his plays were not revived until the 1940s, and certain bans on his work remained in place until as late as 1971. Today, Garcia Lorca is considered the greatest Spanish poet and dramatist of the 20th Century.

The Worlds Self Conscious And The Healing Process

Historical Relevance. â€Å"Our century s self-conscious interest in culture and society has produced valuable attempts to retell the Western past with the aid of such organizing principles as technological change, art collecting† (Barzun, 1990, p. xiii) Considering modern globalization trends, technology and data flow, the comparative historical approach has â€Å"identified general features of the modern capitalist economy† (Bentz Shapiro, 1998, p.134) as more relevant. Trends from Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) stressed the importance of the unconscious mind. In context of his female theory, Freud wrote about We are now obliged to recognize that the little girl is a little man Freud wrote (1933, SE 22:118). He claims that females are†¦show more content†¦Questioning the female psyche can lead to recognizing unconscious thinking, which differs from males. Through historical inquiry, uniqueness of â€Å"actions, ideas, and force (give) rise to this phenomenonâ₠¬  (Bentz Shapiro, 1998, p.136) may reveal more. Weber explored how societies stayed together, but he did not explore issues of art and health. â€Å"The study of the future is part of historical inquiry (Bentz Shapiro, 1998, p.136). Reflecting on the beginning of recorded history, research can better explore and focus on the growth of knowledge and understanding as in the role of media. By exploring the history of feminism, gender roles, structure and power disclose. Probing the female psyche further, the legitimacy of art-based therapies can unfold female’s unconscious thinking about their well-being. Research Findings. Researchers Stuckey and Nobel conducted a historical review of research from 1995 to 2007. They also were attentive to literature review from 1970 to 1995 on PubMed (MeSH art therapy database) to determine what is known about art and healing. Studies limit to functioning women without mental disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia. They also did not include imprisoned populations or other ailments. They described the principal categories of creative expression emerging to promote health and wellness. Results pointed out patterns

How a Book about Personality Types Can Make You an ‘A+’ Student

Everybody is different. Some people are more quiet and steady; others are more impulsive and sociable. Really, it is not at all surprising, that the ways in which people study and work can be completely opposite. It is quite important to understand your own personality to make the studying process more effective as well as more interesting for you. There are many benefits of understanding your particular personality type in order to become a successful university student; here are just a few examples. Arrange Your Study Time Properly For some students, completing the work in one go full steam ahead is better than taking it in short spurts. While some studies suggest that the ideal length of time to work on one thing before taking a break is 90 minutes, it varies from person to person. For others, the idea of doing 90 straight minutes of work sounds positively grueling and can reduce their motivation to begin working at all. Know thyself, as the Bard advised, and decide in advance, what will work for you. Choose the Profession Right for You When you are not really sure what career will suit you best, it is not a bad idea to delve into the nuances of what makes you tick. Do you love being around people all day long, or is silent solo work more your style? Do you need variety or do you crave familiarity? Are you happier while managing a project or while acting on marching orders from a superior? Find out before you choose the major. Try reading a book about personality types to get a good feel for what you might love, and what might drive you crazy. Find Electives That You Might Enjoy Taking Of course there are general classes that you can’t avoid. But, when it comes to choosing between a group physical education class with lots of teamwork and a private swim lesson, you would do well to know what will make you feel more willing to attend (especially if it’s an early class). Perhaps understanding more about your personality will lead you to explore areas of study that you have not considered before, but that you will find your new favorite things. Pursue New Hobbies Perhaps, you have always been seeing yourself as a more reserved type, but after having learned about your personality, you have discovered that you really find it energizing to spend time around other people. This might motivate you to join a theatre group and get involved to other students who are interested in the same types of things that you are interested in. Alternately, discovering that you are really most at home on your own might finally free you to read, draw, or cycle on your own without feeling like you’re missing out on the fun. As you can see, it can be quite interesting and even useful to read about your personality and find out what can help you succeed in studying

Reconstructions Failure - 809 Words

Reconstruction’s Failure It was clear to people in the late 1800s that the Civil War caused many national problems along with problems within the union. However, the Civil War assuaged many problems for the country. For example, slavery was abolished, the supremacy of the national government had been confirmed, and secession had been proved false. Some people may believe that the main reason why the congress’ reconstruction efforts to ensure equal rights to the freedmen failed was because virtually no one in America thought blacks were equal to whites. Basically it was because people still have racial thoughts; slaves didn’t get to fully acquire the meaning and prerogatives of their rights; in other words they were uneducated.†¦show more content†¦Many people had this opinion about African Americans. Many groups and organizations were established due to racism and the reconstruction efforts. One organization known for their mysterious operations was the â€Å"KluKlux Klan.† The KluKlux Klan (KKK) used terror and violence against African Americans and their white supporters. Their chief goal of the Klan attacks was to keep African Americans from voting. General George Thomas stated that â€Å"its grand purpose being to establish a nucleus around â€Å"the adherents of the late rebellion might safely rally.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. two) The KKK influenced other white people to dislike the freemen and blacks so they won’t have any power, or so that they won’t vote. Also, in an editorial in the Atlanta News (doc. 4) it states how people want to form White Leagues to form together to work against radical Republicans and African Americans. Throughout reconstruction congress has passed acts that were basically designed to fail, or didn’t make sense from the beginning. One act that Congress passed was a general amnesty act (doc. three). This act was designed to restore the right of office holding to the majority of those who had been disqualified. This meant that the white men received their vote back, when they did they reelected officials who would make laws against the freemen. Democratic victory also helped to undermine Congress’ efforts to help the freedmen,Show MoreRelatedReconstruction : The Failure Of Reconstruction1529 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction: By: Siryet Girma 1,514 words 7 pages Historical Paper Reconstruction: the failure Reconstruction was a failure because African American were still not equal to White Americans. The Emancipation Proclamation was proclaimed in January 1, 1863. 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People have stood up for many of things having either different or same objectives and plans for the present or the future. As days, weeks, months, and even years pass one can notice that history runs its course, most of these game changing courses always come to end. One major game changer was Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period were leaders were fighting over power and justiceRead MoreReconstruction Failure Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction period is the name given to the time in between 1863 and 1877. This period’s main goal was to reunite the United States of America after the most substantial event of disunity in American existence: The Civil War. Reconstruction consisted of many proposed plans and attempts to reinstate the Southern states back into the union. In the early stages, there was some promise as to what reconstruction had the ability to accomplish, b ecause some political groups had the right ideas aboutRead MoreEssay on The Reasons for the Failure of Reconstruction542 Words   |  3 Pages The original purpose of Reconstruction was to restore the buildings and the economy of the south the best they could, but without the immoral element of slavery. But, reconstruction under the Johnson Presidency was a failure for a few reasons: 1) Convict Leasing, 2) Sharecropping, 3) the Ku Klux Klan, 4) Segregation in schools, even in the North, 5) Carpetbaggers/Scalawags, 6) misleading statistics, and 7) racism. Convict Leasing was started when lawmakers saw a loop hole in the ThirteenthRead MoreWas The Reconstruction A Success Or A Failure Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages Discuss Whether Reconstruction Was a Success or a Failure. Reconstruction is the period of rebuilding the south that succeeded the Civil War (1861-1865). This period of time is set by the question now what? The Union won the war and most of the south was destroyed. Devastation, buildings turned into crumbles and lost crops. The South was drowning in poverty. To worsen the situation there were thousands of ex-slaves that were set free by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13 Amendment. AllRead MoreEssay on The Successes and Failures of Reconstruction 668 Words   |  3 Pages Reconstruction could be considered one of the largest projects ever undertaken. The mess that was the south, left in the ruins of a bloody war, called for drastic measures. The inquisition that begs to be asked is whether or not this venture was a success. Unfortunately the answer isnt as simple as yes or no. Although many promises were broken, the much-debated goals of Reconstruction are still present in the minds of todays leaders as we continue to rebuild our c ountry. Readmission toRead More The Failure of the Post Civil War Reconstruction Period in America674 Words   |  3 Pages After the North won the civil war, it was time to rebuild this nation. This period of reconstruction was supposed to have a profound change on society. Unfortunately this was not the case. Reconstruction did not fundamentally alter this nation. Not to say that nothing happened, but nothing that really made a change or difference happened. First, the control of the south was given right back to the planter elite. Also, even though slavery was abolished; blacks were not free. FinallyRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction: Success or Failure? Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesAP US History 06 January 2006 Reconstruction: Failure The Civil war was possibly the greatest tragedy that this country had ever faced. Years of constant arguing, compromises and cynical ideas about slavery pushed this so called United Nation into an atrocious collision between the Northern abolitionists and the Southern proslavery farmers and plantation owners. The nation suffered enormous losses economically and went into a downward spiral. The reconstruction period began with many leadersRead MoreDebate over if the Reconstruction Era was Failure Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesabolished slavery, Fourteenth Amendment; that stated all persons born in the states were American citizens and finally the Fifteenth Amendment which highlighted that the a citizen’s right to vote should not be denied, thus achieving one of the aims of Reconstruction. As a result of those southern states that rejoined the Union, African Americans were legally classed as American citizens, allowing them access to rights that they were previously limited to. For example, in the eyes of the law, ex slaves

Health and Education Free Essays

Health education is an essential tool of community health. Every branch of community health has a health educational aspect and every community health worker is a health educator. But health education has been defined as a process which effects changes in the health practices of people and in the knowledge and attitudes related to suet changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now A great deal of ill-health in this country and elsewhere is due to ignorance of simple rules of hygiene or of indifference to their practical application. However, health is of the greatest importance and an indispensable factor in life. Without it a man becomes burden to others and useless to himself. In other words, health is the basis of individual and social welfare. But the concept of health and practice of health-education is almost as old as the human race. Health education has been defined as â€Å"the sum of all experiences in school and elsewhere that favor ably influence habits, attitudes and knowledge, related to individual, community and racial health. † At present in our country much attention is being paid to the education for total health. Good health is a pre condition for good education. There is a saying that sound mind lives in a sound body. So, education cannot be acquired without the proper frame of the mind and proper frame of mind cannot be possible without proper health and hygiene. Realizing the importance of health education Secondary Education Commission, 1952-53 stated: â€Å"Unless! Physical education is accepted as an integral part of education and the educational authorities recognize it, need in schools the youth of the country, which form its ‘most variable asset, will never be able to pull their full weigh to national welfare. The emphasis so far has been more on the academic type of education without proper consideration being given to physical welfare and the main ­tenance ‘ proper standards of health of the pupils†. Health education is the very foundation of every successful public health programme so one of the main functions educations should be to help every child deve ­lop a healthy body, an alert mind and sound emotional attitudes. Health education aims at bridging the gulf between the health knowledge and health practices of the children. How to cite Health and Education, Essay examples

Business Ethics Satisfaction Employees Recognition

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics of Satisfaction Employees Recognition. Answer: 1. Framing changes our choice of action. As opined by Jepma and Lpez-Sol 2014, if we make choices examining the value based questions it will help us in ensuring a long-term success in our work life. People, who take decision guided by the profit making agenda, will obtain money. But the people who frame their decision on the ethical structure, obtain a better result as it include a broad range of profit variables like the value base of the work, the faith and satisfaction of the employees, recognition of the clients etc. Thus, the right framing can help us in our work life to achieve slow but sure success. 2. Once in my childhood, I faced such a situation. Once before my exam I was ill. I was hospitalised for a few days. It hampered my study and preparation for the exams. The night before my exams, I was terrified with the idea of failing in exam. Suddenly, I took the decision of cheating in exam. The following day I did the same. It occurred in my mind, that I was doing wrong, but I framed my decision in the different way. I thought, as I was ill I did not get the equal opportunity of preparation like others, and kept on cheating. Now, I know, that I should think about it in a different way. If I followed, my moral values I would not made this decision. In that situation, I should consider myself as someone who is obtaining an undue advantage over others by cheating. If I considered that situation in this Perspective, my decision would be something else. 3. As discussed by Rose 2013, framing is a popular instrument of the politicians and the advertisers. As mentioned in the attached video, the marketers try to hide the weaknesses of their product through framing. Modern advertisements the marketers often highlights the natural features of a product as its advantage and claims that their product is thus superior that others. On the other hand, the politicians often manipulate the numerical data to present a better of picture of their reign. These are not the wrong data but presented in a different manner for the profit of that political parties. 4. Adverse framing lead us towards a wrong choice. If I fail to look into the situation with its broader perspective and have lured by the short-term profits it will adversely affect my professional goals. The adverse framing can distort my foresight and restrict me to identify the future problems. In any profession, making ethically correct decision is a prerequisite for future advancements. Therefore, the adverse framing may damage the ethical base of our decision and thus restrict our potential of future growth. 5. To avoid ignoring of the ethical concerns, we must measure our decision on the benchmark of our inner values. As discussed by Saxena and Srinivasan 2013, if the values support the decision, then one can follow it. Narrow and short-term profit making ideas can manipulate our decision making process. Therefore, it is important for us to set a prior value base for our life. It will shape up our decision of career and life with a strong ethical base. Fundamental Attributions Error 1. As discussed by Paley 2015, most of the White-collar criminals are the people who are confident and well educated. I think he will be someone who does not consider himself as a criminal. Rather he will love to call himself a victim of the situation. 2. As opined by Berry and Frederickson 2015, it is most unlikely that a white-collar criminal possess a hard family life. They do not have any criminal attributes within themselves. They are the criminals who just have utilised the faults in our financial system. Their neighbours recognise them as well-educated gentle men, because that is their reality. Deep down their nature resides a criminal mentality. 3. I also possess the experience of being the victim of the situation. Within that circumstance, I was compelled to behave unethically. Previously, I was working in an organization in a decision making position. That time that organization was suffering with low revenue. In that situation, we got a clientele of a company, which was able to provide a substantial support. The managerial personnel were trying hard to get the contract. One day, that client reported that one of our employees has behaved badly with their manager. That employee was a woman. She reported me that the manager of our client company behaved with her indecently and she protested. Now our client wanted the resignation of that employee. In that circumstance, I made that employee lose her job to retain the job security of other employees, as this client was important for the survival of our company. I feel embarrassed of my behaviour until now. However, I was left with no choice then. 4. It is important for us not to jump on any decision. As discussed by Walker et al. 2015, while judging someone, it is needed to take due time to know about the situation and circumstances as well as the history of socialization of that person. Only then, an unbiased judgment can be procured. Fundamental Moral Unit: The philosophical and ethical theories intended to guide our decision-making process hold a collection of approaches (Sakwa 2013). Now, if we consider a single problem to solve with the different kind of approaches we may eventually obtain the same result. For example if we consider the issue of ever-growing population in the world, especially in the Asian and African countries, a number of approaches can be followed. Now, if the governments pass a regulation on the right of production of the people as the Chinese authority did earlier, it would hurt the philosophy of the individualism and the freedom of cultural identity of the people. On the other hand, the ignorance of the scenario will lead to the disrupt the philosophy of co-existence, as this global problem of increasing population is disturbing the natural resources and thus snatching the right of others to live a happy life. Nevertheless, if the question can be asked in a different approach, it can be noticed that all the philosophies lead to the same destination of individual as well as the community happiness (Sakwa 2013). Guided by the idea of co-existence and community happiness, if the government imposes a policy of wilful regulation on the production right of the people, the natural resources will be less hurt and the people can live a better life. On the other hand, if we consider the question success of the communist economic policy in the Soviet Union, we can be led to a different result by following the different ethical philosophies. As opined by Sakwa 2013, the fall of the communism in The Soviet Union cannot be discussed in a single tone. However, if we consider the philosophy of individualism we can find that it is the right of a person to be happy and accumulate the resources for his happiness. However, the idea of community happiness and co-existence explains that the accumulation of resources is harmful for the society as it creates discrimination and inequality among the people. Therefore, the communist economy suggests the equal allocation of the resources. In this regard, the individualistic approach argues that, as the individual faculty of people are not the same, it is wrong to allocate the resources equally among the population (Sakwa 2013). However, the philosophies advocating the community happiness, talks t hat everyone is same within the scale of the nature and hence possess the same right to obtain the equal portion of the minimal opportunities of life (Teulon, F., 2014). Thus, these different policies and approaches can lead people to the same or different decisions in a rage of situations. Incentive Gaming 1. Organizations and institutions use the incentive tool in order to motivate the employee and increase their productivity (Obloj and Zemsky 2015). No one likes giving extra effort in workplace that is why organization employs supervisors in order to monitor employees. According Soukup et al., 2015, based on the performance organization gives incentives or accolades to those whose work has impressed the authorities of an organization. I work under an organization and I receive payment based on the amount of work I do. Incentive planning is available in my organization and the people who achieve more than the target only they get incentives or bonus. Last month I was able to work more that my assigned target and that is why I got incentive. It was the first time when I was getting incentive; I was elated at my achievement and it really influenced me to work hard for my organization. Now I really want to work hard and perform better so that I can achieve accolades for my skills. 2. Grading system is the ethical part of education system. Students are bestowed with grades according to their performance level. Teacher asses the quality of the work of the student and grades them so that the student can understand his or her capability. Grade symbolizes the academic measurement through which a student is assessed. In order to get good grades student work hard for their assignments. However, sometimes students in greed of getting good grades diversify their route and undertake substandard paths so that they can fulfill their wish. A student cheats in his or her examination which effects badly and ruins the virtuous intension behind grading. Cheating is not the proper way to gain incentives or gain good grades. However, students are blinded by their aspiration of getting good marks and opt for easier way to achieve the goal. 3. Gaming is not ethical. In order to gain incentive one should work hard. Researchers have scrutinized this condition of human behavior and deduced that human nature feels compulsion to attain unethical ways in order to get incentives. Human nature works in curious ways and drives them to acquire unethical ways to succeed in their goal of achieving incentives. Human being inherits unethical ways in order to gain incentive but it is not the right way to respond to the system. Incentive is a tool that the company uses to provide accolades to the person who really deserves it (Ederer, Holden and Meyer 2013). The person who designs the incentive structure should stop the person who is exploiting the system. The person who designs the incentive scheme has the authority to stop all the unethical practice that corrupts an ethical system like incentive (Meyer, Ederer and Holden 2013). Behavioral ethics is the field of psychology that helps to understand the ways why people act in certain manners. Instrumentalism 1. Dan Ariel is a famous psychologist who scrutinizes human behavior. His research about human behavioral ethics involves the discrepancies that a human nature possesses. Dishonesty is a nuance that affects the psychology of a person and compels him to consider unethical paths in order to achieve the unachievable objectives (Minarcik and Bridges 2015). The psychologists say that dishonesty is a negative attribute in a person and abolishing that attribute at right is important. I completely agree with psychologist because dishonesty needs prevention. Termination of subordinate demeanor is needful, as it will assist a person to develop his personality and revitalize his character. 2. When I was in college, I once cheated in my exam in order to achieve the grade I desire. It was my sociology exam and I was not good in that subject. My sociology professor told me that he would cancel my name from the college band if I do not get A grade in the subject. I cheated and got the grade and got accolades for my good result. The professor was so happy with my outcome that he allotted my name in sociology essay contest that was taking place in the college campus. He said that he has full faith in me and knows that I will succeed. In this case, I was a victim of slippery slope phenomenon. 3. My friend started stealing money from his father. His greed increased day by day and soon he started stealing amount that was much more than the amount he stole at the first place. He realized that he was not doing the right thing but his greed overpowered his sense of conscientiousness. One day his father caught him red handed and thus he landed himself in a big trouble from where he could not return. His father lost his trust on him and he could not regain his position that he once had. 4. Cynthia Cooper has rightly commented that people do not become criminal in one day. I think she is right because it is a systematic process where a person slowly entangles himself into criminal offences. An individual starts with a crime and then slowly goes on repeating himself as he loses control on himself. Crime is a punishable offence that leads an individual towards the path of darkness (Volokh 2013). It is like a slippery slope where one wrong footing leads the person into a circular process where the individual cannot control himself but keeps on taking the same wrong step that he took earlier (Alves and Meadowcrof 2014). I completely agree with the statement of Cynthia Cooper and think that she has commendably assessed the situation of slippery slope phenomenon. 5. Firstly, a person should not precipitate in taking any decision. People should not target unachievable objectives. Unachievable objectives may drive a person to take unethical routes to reach their targets. Slippery slope is a procedure that deliberately drives a person to take road that is not desirable (Dowling, Knechel and Moroney 2015). There is a thin line between gaming and cheating which is not to be neglected. Gaming is acceptable but cheating is not as it lower the quotient of ethics in profession. References: Alves, A.A. and Meadowcroft, J., 2014. Hayek's slippery slope, the stability of the mixed economy and the dynamics of rent seeking.Political Studies,62(4), pp.843-861. Berry, Z. and Frederickson, J., 2015. Explanations and implications of the fundamental attribution error: A review and proposal.Journal of Integrated Social Sciences,5(1), pp.44-57. Dowling, C., Knechel, W.R. and Moroney, R., 2015. Public Oversight of Audit Firms: The Slippery-Slope of Enforcing Regulation.Available at SSRN 2678828. Ederer, F., Holden, R. and Meyer, M.A., 2013. DP9319 Gaming and Strategic Ambiguity in Incentive Provision. Jepma, M. and Lpez-Sol, M., 2014. Anxiety and framing effects on decision making: insights from neuroimaging.The Journal of Neuroscience,34(10), pp.3455-3456. Meyer, M., Ederer, F. and Holden, R., 2013.Gaming and Strategic Ambiguity in Incentive Provision(No. 640). Minarcik, J. and Bridges, A.J., 2015. Psychology graduate students weigh in: Qualitative analysis of academic dishonesty and suggestion prevention strategies.Journal of Academic Ethics,13(2), pp.197-216. Niebuhr, R., 2013.Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Westminster John Knox Press. Obloj, T. and Zemsky, P., 2015. Value creation and value capture under moral hazard: Exploring the microà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ foundations of buyersupplier relationships.Strategic Management Journal,36(8), pp.1146-1163. Paley, J., 2015. Compassion and the fundamental attribution error: A reply to Rolfe Gardner.Nurse education today,35(3), pp.474-479. Rose, K.H., 2013. Framing Decisions: Decision Making That Accounts for Irrationality, People, and Constraints.Project Management Journal,44(4), pp.e4-e4. Sakwa, R., 2013. The Soviet collapse: Contradictions and neo-modernisation.Journal of Eurasian Studies,4(1), pp.65-77. Saxena, R. and Srinivasan, A., 2013. Decision Framing: Defining the Decision Need. InBusiness Analytics(pp. 19-29). Springer New York. Soukup, T.E., George, J. and Sutherland, S., Konami Gaming, Inc., 2015.System and method for awarding an incentive award. U.S. Patent 8,956,219. Teulon, F., 2014.Ethics, moral philosophy and Economics(No. 2014-288). Volokh, E., 2013. Slippery Slope Arguments.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Walker, D.E., Smith, K.A. and Vul, E., 2015. The Fundamental Attribution Error is rational in an uncertain world. InProceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX.

Theories of Play free essay sample

Child development was previously largely ignored, and there was little attention to the progress which occurs during childhood and adolescence in terms of cognitive abilities, physical growth and language usage. However, researchers have found interest to study typical development in children as well as what influences development. Many theories have emerged which have helped full understanding of the social, emotional and physical growth which occurs in a child from early childhood to early adulthood (Hughes, 2004, p. 0). Jean Piaget proposed one of such theories and looked human development in a biological angle and explained it in four development stages. The stages are sensorimotor development stage, preoperational development stage, concrete operational development stage and formal operational development stage. However, Vygotsky proposed another theory of cognitive development which looked development in social interaction point of view. Although these theories differ in some a spects, they both consider playing as a key element in child development. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will discuss Piaget and Vygotsky theories of development and attempt to relate play to the theories. In addition, the paper will cover the applications of these theories in real life situation by giving real life examples, as used by teachers to their students. Piaget looked at the cognitive development concept from a biological point of view. To him, the key principles in the child’s growth and intellect are adaptation and organization. This theory indicates all organisms should have the ability to adapt to the environment, which is a necessity for survival. According to this theory, learning involves constructivist process thus knowledge is not acquired from the environment and imitation of other people’s actions. Rather, knowledge is acquired through a slow but a continuous process of learning. Piaget noted that children need three basic kinds of knowledge in order to develop; they need physical, social and logical-mathematical, and psychological knowledge (Hughes, 2009, p. 29). This theory also notes that physical knowledge is essential for survival and growth of the body. Physical knowledge is obtained by performing activities which allow children to observe and make conclusions of physical characteristics of objects. On the other hand, social knowledge is obtained from experience when a child interacts with other children. Children are, therefore, able to apply what they gain from social situations. Logical-mathematical knowledge allows children to discover the relationship between objects, ideas and people. Lastly, psychological knowledge is essential for the growth of intellectual structure of a child’s mind. According to this theory, adaptation encompasses two stages, assimilation and accommodation process. Assimilation involves taking in new things or ideas, from the outside world and trying to fit it in the existing structure. Children take information and use it at their pleasure without necessarily adapting their thinking to it. The accommodation process involves the existing structure adjusting to new acquired materials. The physical body reacts by internal process, such as digestion, and responds by growing and changing in size. On the other hand, minds reacts by accommodating new intellectual materials and responds by growing intellectually (Oakley, 2004, p. 27). In the development of a child, play is a crucial element to consider. This is essentially because, as children play they encounter (assimilate) new material. If the new ideas are not fitting to their current knowledge, a sense of confusion will result (disequilibrium). Thereafter, the child may master new idea by adjusting current ideas (accommodation) to the new information and, therefore, learn something new. To Piaget, there are four critical stages which a child must pass through during cognitive development (Watson, 2004, p. 38). First, there is sensorimotor stage, which starts from birth to about two years, apply motor activity without the use of symbols. Children gain knowledge through physical interaction and experience, however, knowledge is limited at this stage. They learn through trial and error since they cannot predict reactions. However, as children become more mobile, their abilities for cognitive development increases and early language development begin. Between seven to nine months, children develop object permanence, and they realize that an object still exists even after it is out of their sight (Keenan, 2009, p. 24). Preoperational, Stage which occurs between two and seven years, is the second stage in cognitive development. During this stage, children begin to use language as a way of communication and their memory and imagination develop. They also engage in make-believe and they in symbols which allows flexibility and planning in their problem solving skills. During this stage, children are egocentric; they think all people view the world as they see (Martin, 2008, p. 0). They also begin to remember past events and even imagine future events (Watson, 2005, p. 65). Concrete operational is the next stage of Jean Piaget theory of child development. The third stage occurs between seven and eleven years. The stage is marked by conservation whereby a child understands that things still maintains their attributes even if they change their essential appearance. Children begin to demonstrate their intellectual development by using logic and manipulation of symbols which relates to concrete objects. Their egocentric nature of thinking becomes less and their awareness of external events increases (Martin, 2004, p. 40). The last stage of development according to Piaget theory is the formal operational stage. This stage begins when a child is about eleven years. . A child will acquire another level of understanding during this stage, in addition to the ability of, applying logical principles attained in concrete operational stage to more abstract and hypothetical situations. The child, who is now an adult can formulate a hypothesis and be able to think about concepts and abstract relationship. They become interested about the broad social issues such as fairness, justice and equality. Piaget concludes that development is a lifelong process, and new structures are needed after operational stage (Martin, 2004, p. 40). Piaget theory of development can be used in school for development and growth of children. The implication of this theory is an adaptation of instructions to the development of the learner and the instructions should be consistent with the learner’s level of development. The role of a teacher is to facilitate learning of through the provision of a variety of experiences. This will enable a child to experiment and explore, which in turn encourages new understanding. Teachers should use concrete hands on experience to allow students learn and acquire another level of understanding (Watson, 200 4, p. 65 and 66). Piaget theory has found wide application in school. For instance, the teachers teach children through sensory experiences whereby they are given objects to touch, smell and taste. As the children grow, they can be given texture names, colour names, colour names and the names of the objects around them. In addition, they can also be taught new vocabularies accompanied by pictures; however, teachers should keep in mind the level of their understanding. As they progress, children are given complex problems, e. g. maths, whereby they are required to use logic. They are, therefore, able to make more connections with reality rather than fantasy. Secondly, children can be involved with plays like hide and seek at the primary level. These kinds of plays help them to develop physical skills and enhance their coordination. They can also be involved with game of numbers, riddles and coded messages. As they grow, their plays become more organised and structured. Teachers can organize games and sport events with rules. This level teaches them that winning comes as a result of following the rules. As they progress, they can be organised into clubs and team sports which helps them in understanding how they can fit to the societal system. Vygotsky proposed another theory for cognitive development. This theory places emphasis on the fundamental rule of social interaction in the child’s cognitive development. It notes that community plays a significant role to develop a child and that they adapt through their cultural and social interactions with people who are more skilled, such teachers or parents. The basis of this theory is the idea that children will use tools such as language, maps and numbering systems in order to develop high level of thinking. According to this theory, language is a hugely critical factor in children development since it helps them to develop new ideas and control their behaviours. They also use language to engage in internal dialogue, which helps in solving difficult task. Vygotsky theory of development is based on three main principles, which are zone of proximal development (ZPD and Scaffolding or more knowledgeable other (MNO). The theory notes that there is a difference between what a child can learn independently and what they can learn under the guidance of skilled instructor. This is difference is captured in the zone of proximity development. Vygotsky sees ZPN as the area in which most guidance and instruction should be given. This will allow children develop essential skills they will later use on their own. He also notes that every day experience plays a vital role in children’s development because they learn through social interactions with skilled helpers, such as teachers or parents. The theory suggests that tutors should use cooperative learning exercises (Martin, 2008, p. 41). On the other hand, more Knowledgeable other principle of the theory refers to people who are more skilful and knowledgeable. When these people interact with children, they provide them with problem solving skills which serves as cognitive scaffolding, which help children to gain the ability to function independently (retrieved from rojects. coe. uga. edu). Vygotsky theory of child development has found a wide application in schools. The current application of Vygotsky theory is in the reciprocal teaching which is used to improve the abilities of children to learn from texts. Here, teachers and pupils collaborate in learning summarizing, clarifying, questioning and predicting, through practicing. Teache rs should also come up with group activities, which allow more skilled peers to interact with less skilled children. With the assistance of adults, children can perform tasks which would be impossible on their own. Scaffolding should thus be used whereby the helper adjusts their level of assistance in accordance to the child’s performance level. Lastly, zone of proximal development should guide assessment methods, which describes what a child can do without the help of a more skilled person. It should consider both actual and potential development of a child (retrieved from projects. coe. uga. edu). Vygotsky theory is can be simplified for quick learning of children. For example, children are shown pennies representing each sound in a word (e. . four pennies for four sounds). In order for them to master the words, they may be requested to place the items on the table showing each sound in a word. Finally, the teacher may ask the children to indentify the words without using pennies. In this case, pennies act like scaffolding to help children move from being assisted to unassisted during a task. In advanced levels, such as high school, a lab tutor may provide students with scaffolding by first giving them detailed experiment procedures and then a brief outline. Thereafter, the tutor may ask the students to set up the experiment on their own. In conclusion, it is clear that Piaget and Vygotsky theories differ in some aspects; however, both theories indicate that children development is a slow but continuous process, which can be achieved as children, interacts with one another, with the surroundings as well as with more skilled persons. These theories, therefore, shows the fundamental aspect of play the development and learning of children. Teachers can effectively use these theories to enhance development of children, but they must take into account their levels of growth and understanding.